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880 lines
36 KiB
Markdown
<h1><p align="center"><img alt="protobuf.js" src="https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/raw/master/pbjs.png" width="120" height="104" /></p></h1>
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<p align="center"><a href="https://npmjs.org/package/protobufjs"><img src="https://img.shields.io/npm/v/protobufjs.svg" alt=""></a> <a href="https://travis-ci.org/dcodeIO/protobuf.js"><img src="https://travis-ci.org/dcodeIO/protobuf.js.svg?branch=master" alt=""></a> <a href="https://npmjs.org/package/protobufjs"><img src="https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/protobufjs.svg" alt=""></a> <a href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=dcode%40dcode.io&item_name=Open%20Source%20Software%20Donation&item_number=dcodeIO%2Fprotobuf.js"><img alt="donate ❤" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/donate-❤-ff2244.svg"></a></p>
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**Protocol Buffers** are a language-neutral, platform-neutral, extensible way of serializing structured data for use in communications protocols, data storage, and more, originally designed at Google ([see](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/)).
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**protobuf.js** is a pure JavaScript implementation with [TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org) support for [node.js](https://nodejs.org) and the browser. It's easy to use, blazingly fast and works out of the box with [.proto](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto) files!
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Contents
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--------
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* [Installation](#installation)<br />
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How to include protobuf.js in your project.
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* [Usage](#usage)<br />
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A brief introduction to using the toolset.
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* [Valid Message](#valid-message)
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* [Toolset](#toolset)<br />
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* [Examples](#examples)<br />
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A few examples to get you started.
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* [Using .proto files](#using-proto-files)
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* [Using JSON descriptors](#using-json-descriptors)
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* [Using reflection only](#using-reflection-only)
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* [Using custom classes](#using-custom-classes)
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* [Using services](#using-services)
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* [Usage with TypeScript](#usage-with-typescript)<br />
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* [Command line](#command-line)<br />
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How to use the command line utility.
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* [pbjs for JavaScript](#pbjs-for-javascript)
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* [pbts for TypeScript](#pbts-for-typescript)
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* [Reflection vs. static code](#reflection-vs-static-code)
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* [Command line API](#command-line-api)<br />
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* [Additional documentation](#additional-documentation)<br />
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A list of available documentation resources.
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* [Performance](#performance)<br />
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A few internals and a benchmark on performance.
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* [Compatibility](#compatibility)<br />
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Notes on compatibility regarding browsers and optional libraries.
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* [Building](#building)<br />
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How to build the library and its components yourself.
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Installation
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---------------
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### node.js
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```
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$> npm install protobufjs [--save --save-prefix=~]
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```
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```js
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var protobuf = require("protobufjs");
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```
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**Note** that this library's versioning scheme is not semver-compatible for historical reasons. For guaranteed backward compatibility, always depend on `~6.A.B` instead of `^6.A.B` (hence the `--save-prefix` above).
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### Browsers
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Development:
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```
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<script src="//cdn.rawgit.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/6.X.X/dist/protobuf.js"></script>
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```
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Production:
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```
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<script src="//cdn.rawgit.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/6.X.X/dist/protobuf.min.js"></script>
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```
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**Remember** to replace the version tag with the exact [release](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/tags) your project depends upon.
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The library supports CommonJS and AMD loaders and also exports globally as `protobuf`.
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### Distributions
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Where bundle size is a factor, there are additional stripped-down versions of the [full library][dist-full] (~19kb gzipped) available that exclude certain functionality:
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* When working with JSON descriptors (i.e. generated by [pbjs](#pbjs-for-javascript)) and/or reflection only, see the [light library][dist-light] (~16kb gzipped) that excludes the parser. CommonJS entry point is:
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```js
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var protobuf = require("protobufjs/light");
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```
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* When working with statically generated code only, see the [minimal library][dist-minimal] (~6.5kb gzipped) that also excludes reflection. CommonJS entry point is:
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```js
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var protobuf = require("protobufjs/minimal");
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```
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[dist-full]: https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/tree/master/dist
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[dist-light]: https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/tree/master/dist/light
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[dist-minimal]: https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/tree/master/dist/minimal
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Usage
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-----
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Because JavaScript is a dynamically typed language, protobuf.js introduces the concept of a **valid message** in order to provide the best possible [performance](#performance) (and, as a side product, proper typings):
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### Valid message
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> A valid message is an object (1) not missing any required fields and (2) exclusively composed of JS types understood by the wire format writer.
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There are two possible types of valid messages and the encoder is able to work with both of these for convenience:
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* **Message instances** (explicit instances of message classes with default values on their prototype) always (have to) satisfy the requirements of a valid message by design and
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* **Plain JavaScript objects** that just so happen to be composed in a way satisfying the requirements of a valid message as well.
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In a nutshell, the wire format writer understands the following types:
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| Field type | Expected JS type (create, encode) | Conversion (fromObject)
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|------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------
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| s-/u-/int32<br />s-/fixed32 | `number` (32 bit integer) | <code>value | 0</code> if signed<br />`value >>> 0` if unsigned
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| s-/u-/int64<br />s-/fixed64 | `Long`-like (optimal)<br />`number` (53 bit integer) | `Long.fromValue(value)` with long.js<br />`parseInt(value, 10)` otherwise
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| float<br />double | `number` | `Number(value)`
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| bool | `boolean` | `Boolean(value)`
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| string | `string` | `String(value)`
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| bytes | `Uint8Array` (optimal)<br />`Buffer` (optimal under node)<br />`Array.<number>` (8 bit integers) | `base64.decode(value)` if a `string`<br />`Object` with non-zero `.length` is assumed to be buffer-like
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| enum | `number` (32 bit integer) | Looks up the numeric id if a `string`
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| message | Valid message | `Message.fromObject(value)`
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* Explicit `undefined` and `null` are considered as not set if the field is optional.
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* Repeated fields are `Array.<T>`.
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* Map fields are `Object.<string,T>` with the key being the string representation of the respective value or an 8 characters long binary hash string for `Long`-likes.
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* Types marked as *optimal* provide the best performance because no conversion step (i.e. number to low and high bits or base64 string to buffer) is required.
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### Toolset
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With that in mind and again for performance reasons, each message class provides a distinct set of methods with each method doing just one thing. This avoids unnecessary assertions / redundant operations where performance is a concern but also forces a user to perform verification (of plain JavaScript objects that *might* just so happen to be a valid message) explicitly where necessary - for example when dealing with user input.
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**Note** that `Message` below refers to any message class.
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* **Message.verify**(message: `Object`): `null|string`<br />
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verifies that a **plain JavaScript object** satisfies the requirements of a valid message and thus can be encoded without issues. Instead of throwing, it returns the error message as a string, if any.
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```js
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var payload = "invalid (not an object)";
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var err = AwesomeMessage.verify(payload);
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if (err)
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throw Error(err);
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```
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* **Message.encode**(message: `Message|Object` [, writer: `Writer`]): `Writer`<br />
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encodes a **message instance** or valid **plain JavaScript object**. This method does not implicitly verify the message and it's up to the user to make sure that the payload is a valid message.
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```js
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var buffer = AwesomeMessage.encode(message).finish();
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```
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* **Message.encodeDelimited**(message: `Message|Object` [, writer: `Writer`]): `Writer`<br />
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works like `Message.encode` but additionally prepends the length of the message as a varint.
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* **Message.decode**(reader: `Reader|Uint8Array`): `Message`<br />
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decodes a buffer to a **message instance**. If required fields are missing, it throws a `util.ProtocolError` with an `instance` property set to the so far decoded message. If the wire format is invalid, it throws an `Error`.
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```js
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try {
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var decodedMessage = AwesomeMessage.decode(buffer);
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} catch (e) {
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if (e instanceof protobuf.util.ProtocolError) {
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// e.instance holds the so far decoded message with missing required fields
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} else {
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// wire format is invalid
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}
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}
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```
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* **Message.decodeDelimited**(reader: `Reader|Uint8Array`): `Message`<br />
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works like `Message.decode` but additionally reads the length of the message prepended as a varint.
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* **Message.create**(properties: `Object`): `Message`<br />
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creates a new **message instance** from a set of properties that satisfy the requirements of a valid message. Where applicable, it is recommended to prefer `Message.create` over `Message.fromObject` because it doesn't perform possibly redundant conversion.
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```js
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var message = AwesomeMessage.create({ awesomeField: "AwesomeString" });
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```
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* **Message.fromObject**(object: `Object`): `Message`<br />
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converts any non-valid **plain JavaScript object** to a **message instance** using the conversion steps outlined within the table above.
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```js
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var message = AwesomeMessage.fromObject({ awesomeField: 42 });
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// converts awesomeField to a string
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```
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* **Message.toObject**(message: `Message` [, options: `ConversionOptions`]): `Object`<br />
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converts a **message instance** to an arbitrary **plain JavaScript object** for interoperability with other libraries or storage. The resulting plain JavaScript object *might* still satisfy the requirements of a valid message depending on the actual conversion options specified, but most of the time it does not.
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```js
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var object = AwesomeMessage.toObject(message, {
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enums: String, // enums as string names
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longs: String, // longs as strings (requires long.js)
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bytes: String, // bytes as base64 encoded strings
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defaults: true, // includes default values
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arrays: true, // populates empty arrays (repeated fields) even if defaults=false
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objects: true, // populates empty objects (map fields) even if defaults=false
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oneofs: true // includes virtual oneof fields set to the present field's name
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});
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```
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For reference, the following diagram aims to display relationships between the different methods and the concept of a valid message:
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<p align="center"><img alt="Toolset Diagram" src="http://dcode.io/protobuf.js/toolset.svg" /></p>
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> In other words: `verify` indicates that calling `create` or `encode` directly on the plain object will [result in a valid message respectively] succeed. `fromObject`, on the other hand, does conversion from a broader range of plain objects to create valid messages. ([ref](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/issues/748#issuecomment-291925749))
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Examples
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--------
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### Using .proto files
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It is possible to load existing .proto files using the full library, which parses and compiles the definitions to ready to use (reflection-based) message classes:
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```protobuf
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// awesome.proto
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package awesomepackage;
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syntax = "proto3";
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message AwesomeMessage {
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string awesome_field = 1; // becomes awesomeField
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}
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```
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```js
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protobuf.load("awesome.proto", function(err, root) {
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if (err)
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throw err;
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// Obtain a message type
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var AwesomeMessage = root.lookupType("awesomepackage.AwesomeMessage");
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// Exemplary payload
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var payload = { awesomeField: "AwesomeString" };
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// Verify the payload if necessary (i.e. when possibly incomplete or invalid)
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var errMsg = AwesomeMessage.verify(payload);
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if (errMsg)
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throw Error(errMsg);
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// Create a new message
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var message = AwesomeMessage.create(payload); // or use .fromObject if conversion is necessary
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// Encode a message to an Uint8Array (browser) or Buffer (node)
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var buffer = AwesomeMessage.encode(message).finish();
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// ... do something with buffer
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// Decode an Uint8Array (browser) or Buffer (node) to a message
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var message = AwesomeMessage.decode(buffer);
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// ... do something with message
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// If the application uses length-delimited buffers, there is also encodeDelimited and decodeDelimited.
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// Maybe convert the message back to a plain object
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var object = AwesomeMessage.toObject(message, {
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longs: String,
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enums: String,
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bytes: String,
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// see ConversionOptions
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});
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});
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```
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Additionally, promise syntax can be used by omitting the callback, if preferred:
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```js
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protobuf.load("awesome.proto")
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.then(function(root) {
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...
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});
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```
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### Using JSON descriptors
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The library utilizes JSON descriptors that are equivalent to a .proto definition. For example, the following is identical to the .proto definition seen above:
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```json
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// awesome.json
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{
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"nested": {
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"AwesomeMessage": {
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"fields": {
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"awesomeField": {
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"type": "string",
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"id": 1
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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JSON descriptors closely resemble the internal reflection structure:
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| Type (T) | Extends | Type-specific properties
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|--------------------|--------------------|-------------------------
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| *ReflectionObject* | | options
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| *Namespace* | *ReflectionObject* | nested
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| Root | *Namespace* | **nested**
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| Type | *Namespace* | **fields**
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| Enum | *ReflectionObject* | **values**
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| Field | *ReflectionObject* | rule, **type**, **id**
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| MapField | Field | **keyType**
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| OneOf | *ReflectionObject* | **oneof** (array of field names)
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| Service | *Namespace* | **methods**
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| Method | *ReflectionObject* | type, **requestType**, **responseType**, requestStream, responseStream
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* **Bold properties** are required. *Italic types* are abstract.
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* `T.fromJSON(name, json)` creates the respective reflection object from a JSON descriptor
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* `T#toJSON()` creates a JSON descriptor from the respective reflection object (its name is used as the key within the parent)
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Exclusively using JSON descriptors instead of .proto files enables the use of just the light library (the parser isn't required in this case).
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A JSON descriptor can either be loaded the usual way:
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```js
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protobuf.load("awesome.json", function(err, root) {
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if (err) throw err;
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// Continue at "Obtain a message type" above
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});
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```
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Or it can be loaded inline:
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```js
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var jsonDescriptor = require("./awesome.json"); // exemplary for node
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var root = protobuf.Root.fromJSON(jsonDescriptor);
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// Continue at "Obtain a message type" above
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```
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### Using reflection only
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Both the full and the light library include full reflection support. One could, for example, define the .proto definitions seen in the examples above using just reflection:
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```js
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...
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var Root = protobuf.Root,
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Type = protobuf.Type,
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Field = protobuf.Field;
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var AwesomeMessage = new Type("AwesomeMessage").add(new Field("awesomeField", 1, "string"));
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var root = new Root().define("awesomepackage").add(AwesomeMessage);
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// Continue at "Create a new message" above
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...
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```
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Detailed information on the reflection structure is available within the [API documentation](#additional-documentation).
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### Using custom classes
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Message classes can also be extended with custom functionality and it is also possible to register a custom constructor with a reflected message type:
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```js
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...
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// Define a custom constructor
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function AwesomeMessage(properties) {
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// custom initialization code
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...
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}
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// Register the custom constructor with its reflected type (*)
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root.lookupType("awesomepackage.AwesomeMessage").ctor = AwesomeMessage;
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// Define custom functionality
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AwesomeMessage.customStaticMethod = function() { ... };
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AwesomeMessage.prototype.customInstanceMethod = function() { ... };
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// Continue at "Create a new message" above
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```
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(*) Besides referencing its reflected type through `AwesomeMessage.$type` and `AwesomeMesage#$type`, the respective custom class is automatically populated with:
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* `AwesomeMessage.create`
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* `AwesomeMessage.encode` and `AwesomeMessage.encodeDelimited`
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* `AwesomeMessage.decode` and `AwesomeMessage.decodeDelimited`
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* `AwesomeMessage.verify`
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* `AwesomeMessage.fromObject`, `AwesomeMessage.toObject`, `AwesomeMessage#toObject` and `AwesomeMessage#toJSON`
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Afterwards, decoded messages of this type are `instanceof AwesomeMessage`.
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Alternatively, it is also possible to reuse and extend the internal constructor if custom initialization code is not required:
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```js
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...
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// Reuse the internal constructor
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var AwesomeMessage = root.lookupType("awesomepackage.AwesomeMessage").ctor;
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// Define custom functionality
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AwesomeMessage.customStaticMethod = function() { ... };
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AwesomeMessage.prototype.customInstanceMethod = function() { ... };
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// Continue at "Create a new message" above
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```
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### Using services
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The library also supports consuming services but it doesn't make any assumptions about the actual transport channel. Instead, a user must provide a suitable RPC implementation, which is an asynchronous function that takes the reflected service method, the binary request and a node-style callback as its parameters:
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```js
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function rpcImpl(method, requestData, callback) {
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// perform the request using an HTTP request or a WebSocket for example
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var responseData = ...;
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// and call the callback with the binary response afterwards:
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callback(null, responseData);
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}
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```
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Example:
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```protobuf
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// greeter.proto
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syntax = "proto3";
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service Greeter {
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rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply) {}
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}
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message HelloRequest {
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string name = 1;
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}
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message HelloReply {
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string message = 1;
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}
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```
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```js
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...
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var Greeter = root.lookup("Greeter");
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var greeter = Greeter.create(/* see above */ rpcImpl, /* request delimited? */ false, /* response delimited? */ false);
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greeter.sayHello({ name: 'you' }, function(err, response) {
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console.log('Greeting:', response.message);
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});
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```
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Services also support promises:
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```js
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greeter.sayHello({ name: 'you' })
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.then(function(response) {
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console.log('Greeting:', response.message);
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});
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```
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There is also an [example for streaming RPC](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/examples/streaming-rpc.js).
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Note that the service API is meant for clients. Implementing a server-side endpoint pretty much always requires transport channel (i.e. http, websocket, etc.) specific code with the only common denominator being that it decodes and encodes messages.
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### Usage with TypeScript
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The library ships with its own [type definitions](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/index.d.ts) and modern editors like [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) will automatically detect and use them for code completion.
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The npm package depends on [@types/node](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@types/node) because of `Buffer` and [@types/long](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@types/long) because of `Long`. If you are not building for node and/or not using long.js, it should be safe to exclude them manually.
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#### Using the JS API
|
|
|
|
The API shown above works pretty much the same with TypeScript. However, because everything is typed, accessing fields on instances of dynamically generated message classes requires either using bracket-notation (i.e. `message["awesomeField"]`) or explicit casts. Alternatively, it is possible to use a [typings file generated for its static counterpart](#pbts-for-typescript).
|
|
|
|
```ts
|
|
import { load } from "protobufjs"; // respectively "./node_modules/protobufjs"
|
|
|
|
load("awesome.proto", function(err, root) {
|
|
if (err)
|
|
throw err;
|
|
|
|
// example code
|
|
const AwesomeMessage = root.lookupType("awesomepackage.AwesomeMessage");
|
|
|
|
let message = AwesomeMessage.create({ awesomeField: "hello" });
|
|
console.log(`message = ${JSON.stringify(message)}`);
|
|
|
|
let buffer = AwesomeMessage.encode(message).finish();
|
|
console.log(`buffer = ${Array.prototype.toString.call(buffer)}`);
|
|
|
|
let decoded = AwesomeMessage.decode(buffer);
|
|
console.log(`decoded = ${JSON.stringify(decoded)}`);
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### Using generated static code
|
|
|
|
If you generated static code to `bundle.js` using the CLI and its type definitions to `bundle.d.ts`, then you can just do:
|
|
|
|
```ts
|
|
import { AwesomeMessage } from "./bundle.js";
|
|
|
|
// example code
|
|
let message = AwesomeMessage.create({ awesomeField: "hello" });
|
|
let buffer = AwesomeMessage.encode(message).finish();
|
|
let decoded = AwesomeMessage.decode(buffer);
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### Using decorators
|
|
|
|
The library also includes an early implementation of [decorators](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/decorators.html).
|
|
|
|
**Note** that decorators are an experimental feature in TypeScript and that declaration order is important depending on the JS target. For example, `@Field.d(2, AwesomeArrayMessage)` requires that `AwesomeArrayMessage` has been defined earlier when targeting `ES5`.
|
|
|
|
```ts
|
|
import { Message, Type, Field, OneOf } from "protobufjs/light"; // respectively "./node_modules/protobufjs/light.js"
|
|
|
|
export class AwesomeSubMessage extends Message<AwesomeSubMessage> {
|
|
|
|
@Field.d(1, "string")
|
|
public awesomeString: string;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
export enum AwesomeEnum {
|
|
ONE = 1,
|
|
TWO = 2
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@Type.d("SuperAwesomeMessage")
|
|
export class AwesomeMessage extends Message<AwesomeMessage> {
|
|
|
|
@Field.d(1, "string", "optional", "awesome default string")
|
|
public awesomeField: string;
|
|
|
|
@Field.d(2, AwesomeSubMessage)
|
|
public awesomeSubMessage: AwesomeSubMessage;
|
|
|
|
@Field.d(3, AwesomeEnum, "optional", AwesomeEnum.ONE)
|
|
public awesomeEnum: AwesomeEnum;
|
|
|
|
@OneOf.d("awesomeSubMessage", "awesomeEnum")
|
|
public which: string;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// example code
|
|
let message = new AwesomeMessage({ awesomeField: "hello" });
|
|
let buffer = AwesomeMessage.encode(message).finish();
|
|
let decoded = AwesomeMessage.decode(buffer);
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Supported decorators are:
|
|
|
|
* **Type.d(typeName?: `string`)** *(optional)*<br />
|
|
annotates a class as a protobuf message type. If `typeName` is not specified, the constructor's runtime function name is used for the reflected type.
|
|
|
|
* **Field.d<T>(fieldId: `number`, fieldType: `string | Constructor<T>`, fieldRule?: `"optional" | "required" | "repeated"`, defaultValue?: `T`)**<br />
|
|
annotates a property as a protobuf field with the specified id and protobuf type.
|
|
|
|
* **MapField.d<T extends { [key: string]: any }>(fieldId: `number`, fieldKeyType: `string`, fieldValueType. `string | Constructor<{}>`)**<br />
|
|
annotates a property as a protobuf map field with the specified id, protobuf key and value type.
|
|
|
|
* **OneOf.d<T extends string>(...fieldNames: `string[]`)**<br />
|
|
annotates a property as a protobuf oneof covering the specified fields.
|
|
|
|
Other notes:
|
|
|
|
* Decorated types reside in `protobuf.roots["decorated"]` using a flat structure, so no duplicate names.
|
|
* Enums are copied to a reflected enum with a generic name on decorator evaluation because referenced enum objects have no runtime name the decorator could use.
|
|
* Default values must be specified as arguments to the decorator instead of using a property initializer for proper prototype behavior.
|
|
* Property names on decorated classes must not be renamed on compile time (i.e. by a minifier) because decorators just receive the original field name as a string.
|
|
|
|
**ProTip!** Not as pretty, but you can [use decorators in plain JavaScript](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/examples/js-decorators.js) as well.
|
|
|
|
Command line
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
**Note** that moving the CLI to [its own package](./cli) is a work in progress. At the moment, it's still part of the main package.
|
|
|
|
The command line interface (CLI) can be used to translate between file formats and to generate static code as well as TypeScript definitions.
|
|
|
|
### pbjs for JavaScript
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
Translates between file formats and generates static code.
|
|
|
|
-t, --target Specifies the target format. Also accepts a path to require a custom target.
|
|
|
|
json JSON representation
|
|
json-module JSON representation as a module
|
|
proto2 Protocol Buffers, Version 2
|
|
proto3 Protocol Buffers, Version 3
|
|
static Static code without reflection (non-functional on its own)
|
|
static-module Static code without reflection as a module
|
|
|
|
-p, --path Adds a directory to the include path.
|
|
|
|
-o, --out Saves to a file instead of writing to stdout.
|
|
|
|
--sparse Exports only those types referenced from a main file (experimental).
|
|
|
|
Module targets only:
|
|
|
|
-w, --wrap Specifies the wrapper to use. Also accepts a path to require a custom wrapper.
|
|
|
|
default Default wrapper supporting both CommonJS and AMD
|
|
commonjs CommonJS wrapper
|
|
amd AMD wrapper
|
|
es6 ES6 wrapper (implies --es6)
|
|
closure A closure adding to protobuf.roots where protobuf is a global
|
|
|
|
-r, --root Specifies an alternative protobuf.roots name.
|
|
|
|
-l, --lint Linter configuration. Defaults to protobuf.js-compatible rules:
|
|
|
|
eslint-disable block-scoped-var, no-redeclare, no-control-regex, no-prototype-builtins
|
|
|
|
--es6 Enables ES6 syntax (const/let instead of var)
|
|
|
|
Proto sources only:
|
|
|
|
--keep-case Keeps field casing instead of converting to camel case.
|
|
|
|
Static targets only:
|
|
|
|
--no-create Does not generate create functions used for reflection compatibility.
|
|
--no-encode Does not generate encode functions.
|
|
--no-decode Does not generate decode functions.
|
|
--no-verify Does not generate verify functions.
|
|
--no-convert Does not generate convert functions like from/toObject
|
|
--no-delimited Does not generate delimited encode/decode functions.
|
|
--no-beautify Does not beautify generated code.
|
|
--no-comments Does not output any JSDoc comments.
|
|
|
|
--force-long Enfores the use of 'Long' for s-/u-/int64 and s-/fixed64 fields.
|
|
--force-message Enfores the use of message instances instead of plain objects.
|
|
|
|
usage: pbjs [options] file1.proto file2.json ... (or pipe) other | pbjs [options] -
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
For production environments it is recommended to bundle all your .proto files to a single .json file, which minimizes the number of network requests and avoids any parser overhead (hint: works with just the **light** library):
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> pbjs -t json file1.proto file2.proto > bundle.json
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Now, either include this file in your final bundle:
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
var root = protobuf.Root.fromJSON(require("./bundle.json"));
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
or load it the usual way:
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
protobuf.load("bundle.json", function(err, root) {
|
|
...
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Generated static code, on the other hand, works with just the **minimal** library. For example
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> pbjs -t static-module -w commonjs -o compiled.js file1.proto file2.proto
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
will generate static code for definitions within `file1.proto` and `file2.proto` to a CommonJS module `compiled.js`.
|
|
|
|
**ProTip!** Documenting your .proto files with `/** ... */`-blocks or (trailing) `/// ...` lines translates to generated static code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
### pbts for TypeScript
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
Generates TypeScript definitions from annotated JavaScript files.
|
|
|
|
-o, --out Saves to a file instead of writing to stdout.
|
|
|
|
-g, --global Name of the global object in browser environments, if any.
|
|
|
|
--no-comments Does not output any JSDoc comments.
|
|
|
|
Internal flags:
|
|
|
|
-n, --name Wraps everything in a module of the specified name.
|
|
|
|
-m, --main Whether building the main library without any imports.
|
|
|
|
usage: pbts [options] file1.js file2.js ... (or) other | pbts [options] -
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Picking up on the example above, the following not only generates static code to a CommonJS module `compiled.js` but also its respective TypeScript definitions to `compiled.d.ts`:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> pbjs -t static-module -w commonjs -o compiled.js file1.proto file2.proto
|
|
$> pbts -o compiled.d.ts compiled.js
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Additionally, TypeScript definitions of static modules are compatible with their reflection-based counterparts (i.e. as exported by JSON modules), as long as the following conditions are met:
|
|
|
|
1. Instead of using `new SomeMessage(...)`, always use `SomeMessage.create(...)` because reflection objects do not provide a constructor.
|
|
2. Types, services and enums must start with an uppercase letter to become available as properties of the reflected types as well (i.e. to be able to use `MyMessage.MyEnum` instead of `root.lookup("MyMessage.MyEnum")`).
|
|
|
|
For example, the following generates a JSON module `bundle.js` and a `bundle.d.ts`, but no static code:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> pbjs -t json-module -w commonjs -o bundle.js file1.proto file2.proto
|
|
$> pbjs -t static-module file1.proto file2.proto | pbts -o bundle.d.ts -
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Reflection vs. static code
|
|
|
|
While using .proto files directly requires the full library respectively pure reflection/JSON the light library, pretty much all code but the relatively short descriptors is shared.
|
|
|
|
Static code, on the other hand, requires just the minimal library, but generates additional source code without any reflection features. This also implies that there is a break-even point where statically generated code becomes larger than descriptor-based code once the amount of code generated exceeds the size of the full respectively light library.
|
|
|
|
There is no significant difference performance-wise as the code generated statically is pretty much the same as generated at runtime and both are largely interchangeable as seen in the previous section.
|
|
|
|
| Source | Library | Advantages | Tradeoffs
|
|
|--------|---------|------------|-----------
|
|
| .proto | full | Easily editable<br />Interoperability with other libraries<br />No compile step | Some parsing and possibly network overhead
|
|
| JSON | light | Easily editable<br />No parsing overhead<br />Single bundle (no network overhead) | protobuf.js specific<br />Has a compile step
|
|
| static | minimal | Works where `eval` access is restricted<br />Fully documented<br />Small footprint for small protos | Can be hard to edit<br />No reflection<br />Has a compile step
|
|
|
|
### Command line API
|
|
|
|
Both utilities can be used programmatically by providing command line arguments and a callback to their respective `main` functions:
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
var pbjs = require("protobufjs/cli/pbjs"); // or require("protobufjs/cli").pbjs / .pbts
|
|
|
|
pbjs.main([ "--target", "json-module", "path/to/myproto.proto" ], function(err, output) {
|
|
if (err)
|
|
throw err;
|
|
// do something with output
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Additional documentation
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
#### Protocol Buffers
|
|
* [Google's Developer Guide](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview)
|
|
|
|
#### protobuf.js
|
|
* [API Documentation](http://dcode.io/protobuf.js)
|
|
* [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
|
|
* [Frequently asked questions](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/wiki) on our wiki
|
|
|
|
#### Community
|
|
* [Questions and answers](http://stackoverflow.com/search?tab=newest&q=protobuf.js) on StackOverflow
|
|
|
|
Performance
|
|
-----------
|
|
The package includes a benchmark that compares protobuf.js performance to native JSON (as far as this is possible) and [Google's JS implementation](https://github.com/google/protobuf/tree/master/js). On an i7-2600K running node 6.9.1 it yields:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
benchmarking encoding performance ...
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) x 541,707 ops/sec ±1.13% (87 runs sampled)
|
|
protobuf.js (static) x 548,134 ops/sec ±1.38% (89 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (string) x 318,076 ops/sec ±0.63% (93 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (buffer) x 179,165 ops/sec ±2.26% (91 runs sampled)
|
|
google-protobuf x 74,406 ops/sec ±0.85% (86 runs sampled)
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (static) was fastest
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) was 0.9% ops/sec slower (factor 1.0)
|
|
JSON (string) was 41.5% ops/sec slower (factor 1.7)
|
|
JSON (buffer) was 67.6% ops/sec slower (factor 3.1)
|
|
google-protobuf was 86.4% ops/sec slower (factor 7.3)
|
|
|
|
benchmarking decoding performance ...
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) x 1,383,981 ops/sec ±0.88% (93 runs sampled)
|
|
protobuf.js (static) x 1,378,925 ops/sec ±0.81% (93 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (string) x 302,444 ops/sec ±0.81% (93 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (buffer) x 264,882 ops/sec ±0.81% (93 runs sampled)
|
|
google-protobuf x 179,180 ops/sec ±0.64% (94 runs sampled)
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) was fastest
|
|
protobuf.js (static) was 0.3% ops/sec slower (factor 1.0)
|
|
JSON (string) was 78.1% ops/sec slower (factor 4.6)
|
|
JSON (buffer) was 80.8% ops/sec slower (factor 5.2)
|
|
google-protobuf was 87.0% ops/sec slower (factor 7.7)
|
|
|
|
benchmarking combined performance ...
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) x 275,900 ops/sec ±0.78% (90 runs sampled)
|
|
protobuf.js (static) x 290,096 ops/sec ±0.96% (90 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (string) x 129,381 ops/sec ±0.77% (90 runs sampled)
|
|
JSON (buffer) x 91,051 ops/sec ±0.94% (90 runs sampled)
|
|
google-protobuf x 42,050 ops/sec ±0.85% (91 runs sampled)
|
|
|
|
protobuf.js (static) was fastest
|
|
protobuf.js (reflect) was 4.7% ops/sec slower (factor 1.0)
|
|
JSON (string) was 55.3% ops/sec slower (factor 2.2)
|
|
JSON (buffer) was 68.6% ops/sec slower (factor 3.2)
|
|
google-protobuf was 85.5% ops/sec slower (factor 6.9)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
These results are achieved by
|
|
|
|
* generating type-specific encoders, decoders, verifiers and converters at runtime
|
|
* configuring the reader/writer interface according to the environment
|
|
* using node-specific functionality where beneficial and, of course
|
|
* avoiding unnecessary operations through splitting up [the toolset](#toolset).
|
|
|
|
You can also run [the benchmark](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/bench/index.js) ...
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> npm run bench
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
and [the profiler](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/bench/prof.js) yourself (the latter requires a recent version of node):
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> npm run prof <encode|decode|encode-browser|decode-browser> [iterations=10000000]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note that as of this writing, the benchmark suite performs significantly slower on node 7.2.0 compared to 6.9.1 because moths.
|
|
|
|
Compatibility
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
* Works in all modern and not-so-modern browsers except IE8.
|
|
* Because the internals of this package do not rely on `google/protobuf/descriptor.proto`, options are parsed and presented literally.
|
|
* If typed arrays are not supported by the environment, plain arrays will be used instead.
|
|
* Support for pre-ES5 environments (except IE8) can be achieved by [using a polyfill](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/scripts/polyfill.js).
|
|
* Support for [Content Security Policy](https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/)-restricted environments (like Chrome extensions without [unsafe-eval](https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/contentSecurityPolicy#relaxing-eval)) can be achieved by generating and using static code instead.
|
|
* If a proper way to work with 64 bit values (uint64, int64 etc.) is required, just install [long.js](https://github.com/dcodeIO/long.js) alongside this library. All 64 bit numbers will then be returned as a `Long` instance instead of a possibly unsafe JavaScript number ([see](https://github.com/dcodeIO/long.js)).
|
|
* For descriptor.proto interoperability, see [ext/descriptor](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/tree/master/ext/descriptor)
|
|
|
|
Building
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
To build the library or its components yourself, clone it from GitHub and install the development dependencies:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> git clone https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js.git
|
|
$> cd protobuf.js
|
|
$> npm install
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Building the respective development and production versions with their respective source maps to `dist/`:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> npm run build
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Building the documentation to `docs/`:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> npm run docs
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Building the TypeScript definition to `index.d.ts`:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
$> npm run types
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Browserify integration
|
|
|
|
By default, protobuf.js integrates into any browserify build-process without requiring any optional modules. Hence:
|
|
|
|
* If int64 support is required, explicitly require the `long` module somewhere in your project as it will be excluded otherwise. This assumes that a global `require` function is present that protobuf.js can call to obtain the long module.
|
|
|
|
If there is no global `require` function present after bundling, it's also possible to assign the long module programmatically:
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
var Long = ...;
|
|
|
|
protobuf.util.Long = Long;
|
|
protobuf.configure();
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
* If you have any special requirements, there is [the bundler](https://github.com/dcodeIO/protobuf.js/blob/master/scripts/bundle.js) for reference.
|
|
|
|
**License:** [BSD 3-Clause License](https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause)
|